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Top of page Cryptosporidium species that infect mammals Mammals represent the largest group of animals infected with Cryptosporidium spp. The taxonomy of Cryptosporidium in mammals has been the subject of dispute and for some time only two species C. There are now considered to be 6 valid species in mammals, reported previously, and described in more detail below.

Aerial warfare Heavier-than-air military aircraft[ edit ] Balloon or flying corps are not generally regarded as examples of an air force. Induring the Italo-Turkish WarItaly employed aircraft for the first time ever in the world for reconnaissance and bombing missions against Turkish positions on Libyan Territory.

The Italian—Turkish war of — was the first in history that featured air attacks by airplanes and dirigible airships. World War I also saw the appearance of senior commanders who directed aerial warfare and numerous flying aces.

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Independent air forces[ edit ] An independent air force is one which is a separate branch of a nation's armed forces and is, at least nominally, treated as a military service on par with that of older services like navies or armies. The British Royal Air Force was the first independent air force in the world.

On establishment the RAF comprised over 20, aircraft, was commanded by a Chief of the Air Staff who held the rank of major-general and was governed by its own government ministry the Air Ministry. The South African Air Force was formed on 1 February and the Royal Australian Air Force was formed shortly afterwards on 31 Marchalthough it was not until that the head of the Service was titled as Chief of the Air Staffplacing him on a par with his Australian Army and Navy counterparts.

The Canadian Air Force was formed at the end of World War I, and was abolished and reorganized several times between and It became the permanent Royal Canadian Air Force when it received the "Royal" title by royal proclamation on 1 April It did not however become independent of the Canadian Army until when its head was also designated as Chief of the Air Staff.

Other British-influenced countries also established their own independent air forces. For example, the Royal Egyptian Air Force was created in when Egyptian military aviation was separated from Army command. The Afghan Air Force was established on 22 August ,with support of The Soviet Union and great Britain, but the civil war destroyed most of the planes and it wasn't until ,when King Mohammed Nadir Shah took power and reestablished the Afghan air Force.

Both the United States Air Force [6] and the Philippine Air Force were formed as a separate branches of their respective armed forces in World War I[ edit ] See also: In World War Iit used its zeppelins airships to drop bombs on British cities.

At that time, Britain did have aircraft, though her airships were less advanced than the zeppelins and were very rarely used for attacking; instead, they were usually used to spy on German U-boats submarines.

Fixed-wing aircraft at the time were quite primitive, being able to achieve velocities comparable to that of modern automobiles and mounting minimal weaponry and equipment. Aerial services were still largely a new venture, and relatively unreliable machines and limited training resulted in stupendously low life expectancies for early military aviators.

They were adopted as standard for bombing raids and taking out other aircraft because they were much faster than airships. Heinkel He during the Battle of Britain Arguably the war's most important air operation, known as the Battle of Britaintook place during over Britain and the English Channel between Britain's Royal Air Force and Germany's Luftwaffe over a period of several months.

In the end Britain emerged victorious, and this caused Adolf Hitler to give up his plan to invade Britain. Other prominent air force operations during the Second World War include the Allied bombing of Germany during —and the Red Air Force operations in support of strategic ground offensives on the Eastern Front.

The aerial warfare in Pacific Ocean theatre was of a comparable strategic significance to the Battle of Britain but was largely conducted by the US and Japanese naval aviation services and not by air forces.

Strategic bombing[ edit ] USAF B in flight The air force's role of strategic bombing against enemy infrastructure was developed during the s by the Japanese in China and by the Germans during the Spanish Civil War.

The need to intercept these bombers, both during the day and at night, accelerated fighter aircraft developments. Several technological advances were widely introduced during this time: Previously Japan had delivered its service aviation from within its Army and Navy.

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During the s, Canada merged the Royal Canadian Air Force with the army and the navy to form the unified Canadian Forceswith air assets divided between several commands and a green uniform for everyone. This proved very unpopular[ citation needed ], and in Canadian aviation units were reorganized under a single organization Air Command with a single commander.The Unfair Stigmatization of Vitamin A during Pregnancy.

If you take a prenatal vitamin, look on the label to see whether it contains vitamin A (some brands actually don’t contain any vitamin A), it will probably indicate “from beta-carotene or mixed carotenoids.”. TravelHealthPro is the website comprising the travel health resources of the National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC).

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‘The old man’s friend’, they call pneumonia, because it’s often a relatively painless coup de grâce at the end of a long life. But this image of the lung disease belies the fact that it can strike people at any age, and kill quickly if not recognised and treated. Are you a woman who has sex with women?

Learn how to protect yourself from HIV infection with AVERT's HIV & Women Who Have Sex With Women Fact Sheet. Hepatitis A is a viral infection transmitted through contaminated food and water or by direct contact with an infectious person.

Symptoms are often mild or absent in young children, but the disease becomes more serious with advancing age. Overview Top of page. Trypanosomes are microscopic unicellular protozoan flagellates in the genus leslutinsduphoenix.com are obligatory parasites of vertebrates, and infect fish and amphibian species, reptiles, birds and mammals (ltard, ).